Transformers for 3D medical image analysis: a systematic review of architectural innovations, performance, and clinical applications

Published in Artificial Intelligence Review, 2026

Recommended citation: Nhlapho, W., Atemkeng, M., Brima, Y. et al. Transformers for 3D medical image analysis: a systematic review of architectural innovations, performance, and clinical applications. Artif Intell Rev (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11600-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11600-y